Sources and notesCog & Cuppa →

I Thought I Was Learning to Use AI

Twenty-five years late to my own interview answer

7 September 2026 · Read the essay →

The outside claims this piece leans on, and where they come from. Each note says what the source looked at, so you can judge how far it stretches.

  1. Kaizen comes from manufacturing

    Imai, M. (1986) Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success. McGraw-Hill; roots in the US Training Within Industry (TWI) Job Methods programme of WWII and post-war Japanese industry (Toyota) (1940s–1986)

    History of a management practice: US wartime industrial training, post-war Japanese manufacturing, popularised in the West by Imai (1986).

  2. Kaizen means small improvements, made continuously by the people doing the work, on the basis that many minor gains beat waiting for one large one

    Imai, M. (1986) Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success, which contrasts gradual kaizen with one-off 'innovation' and stresses involvement of everyone

    Management book (1986) defining kaizen as ongoing incremental improvement involving everyone in an organisation.

  3. There is a well-established manufacturing philosophy (kaizen) built on exactly the instinct of not doing the same thing twice

    Imai (1986); Toyota Production System (standard work and waste elimination)

    Interpretive link between a personal habit and kaizen; kaizen improves repeated work, it does not avoid repetition.